Fresh Batch #142: The Sun Over the Moon

And Cornish Termination Keys

The Plural Terminations of Substantives

One of the plural terminations in the Cornish language is the name of God, or Jew, which comes from the Latin IU/IO, found in Jupiter, as well as the Greek word root for Jew, which is Iou. I’ll leave it to my readers to decide if this is coincidence or whether it is the fingerprints of the universal system. Edward Lhuyd wrote (Arch. Brit. p. 242.), “The first Plural terminates in ou: As Aluedh, A key, Pl. Aluedhou and alhuedhou, Keys; Arv, A weapon, Pl. Arvou; Bedh, A grave, Pl. Bedhou; Dagar, A tear, Pl. Dagrou; Daraz, A door, darazou; Ro, A gift, rohou.

“So that this first Plural; which as in the Armoric, is the most common; may generally speaking, be formed by adding ou or iou, to the last letter of the Singular, or else to its Substitute which is always of the same Class: As p for b, t for d, d for s, &c.

“When the Singular terminates in dh, l, or r; the Plural commonly ends in iou: As Dydh, A day, Pl. Dydhiou; Kledh, A ditch, Kledhiou; Gurêdh, A root, Gurèdhiou; Menedh, A mountain, Menedhiou; Mâl, A joynt, Meliou; gêr, A Word, gerriou and girriou.”

The Cornish word teual means dark; its plural form is tulgu. Though anecdotal, teual is almost teotl, the word for divine and God in the ancient Mexican language. This root is seen in Theos, Teutates, Tuisco, Thoth, Tot, etc., and the reason I bring it up is that its correspondence to darkness lines up with all the other names of the sun in winter that also line up with darkness, i.e., Ham, Krishna, Cush, etc.

Sometimes the plural -ou termination is pronounced as though it terminated in -o, -au, and -u. In Welsh, the plural termination of -au is pronounced like -æ or -e, which Lhuyd noticed agrees with the nominative plural of the first declension of the Latin. He wrote (Ib.), “The Second Plural ends in i, as Guidhili, Irish-men; Kuithizi, Guardians, keepers; Arlydhi, Lords; Mestrizi, Masters; Servisi and Servidzhi, Servants; Trahezi mein, Stone-cutters; Muzi, Maids; Kastilli, Castles; Guellynni, Rods; Yssilli, Limbs, members; Legesti, Lobsters (similar to the Spanish Langosta); Porelli, Hogs, pigs. So that this Plural agrees with the Latin Nominative of the Second Declension.”

You see it, right? These ancient languages of the first peoples of Britain are from Italian cultures. While Italy is a modern construct, a nation formed in the 19th century, it is a useful term for geographical purposes. To get an idea of what Italy looked like prior to 1861, see the following maps.

Even though Italy was made up of similar cultures, and many people in different territories are related to each other, it was very much divided among the powerful families, much like New York was divided by the five families and New England was run by the Patriarca family.

The following Cornish termination can appear to agree with Greek at first, but the words that terminate in -on in Greek do not signify plurality. Again, the Cornish reveals its Italian origins. Can you guess what I see in the Cornish word for the Welsh? Lhuyd continued (Ib.), “The Third Plural ends in ion; and might be called the Personal Plural, in regard most Appellations that are personal are of it; as Kristonnion [now Krestudnian], Christians; Zouzon, The English; Brethon, the Britans; Kembrîon, The Welsh; Idheuon, The Jews; Marègion and marrògion, Knights; Skuerrion, Esquires; Boxesègion, The poor; Klevion, The sick; Kardouion, Friends; Skylùrion, Scholars; Dyskyblion, Disciples; Guithòrion, Workmen; Guesion, Mean fellows; Gouìzion, Lyars (liars); Ladron, Thieves.

“This Plural answers to the Nouns of the Third Declension in the Latin that Terminate in -ones; As Senones, Suessones, Britones, Nasones, Pisones, Cicerones; Histriones, Fullones, Latrones, &c.”

The Welsh are called Kembrîon, which, if you remove the termination and first initial, is Embri. Embri is philologically Ombri, as in the Umbrians. Umbria was in Italy, and it’s quite possible places like Northumbria and Cumberland are connected to Umbria. For those unaware, Northumbria is home to Roman historical sites, which may have been built upon Umbrian historical sites. The Cornish name for the Welsh may trace back to these times.

Lhuyd continued (Ib. p. 243.), “The Fourth Plural Terminated formerly (as still in the Welsh) in -edh; as Brederedh, Brothers; Eledh, Angels; Abesteledh, Apostles. Which pronunciation was more anciently expressed by t; as Guraget, Wives, for Guragedh. It’s at present changed into -es according to their writing; but into -ez, according to their Pronunciation. So that it seems but a sort of French or modern English Plural; as Bestez, Beasts; Koles, Coals; Romes, Rooms; Gulles, Guls; Pysgez, Fish (notice the i/y interchange, the c/g interchange, and the z/s interchange and it is the same word for fish that the Latins used: Pisces); Panez, Parsnips; Zilliez, Eels or Congers; Lahez, Laws; Benenez, Women; Flexez, Children.”

This termination also takes the form of -az as in kenkraz, crabs, or -yz as in battyz, staves, and also -oz as in terroz, lands. Of this, Lhuyd wrote, “And in regard to the Termination -ez comes, nearer the old -edh, and agrees with the Nominative Plural of the Third Declension in the Latin; The other Three (which occur but seldom) seem Erroneous Orthography and might be omitted.”

The next Cornish plural form is one of the more unique things I’ve seen in language, and may prove to be a powerful key. Lhuyd wrote (Ib.), “The Fifth may be called the Mutable Plural, in regard it’s not distinguishable from the Singular, as the other four by any additional Termination; but by the change of one Vowel either for another, or for a Diphthong; or else of one Diphthong into another: as Sanz, A Saint, Plur. Seinz; Danz, A tooth, deinz; Marh, A horse, merh; Yâr, A hen, Yêr; Mab, A Son, Meib; Mên, A stone, Mein; Trûz, A foot, Treiz; Bredar, A Brother, Breder; Manek, A glove, Menik; Davaz, A sheep, Devez; Gavar, A goat, Gever. Nor does this Declension not only increase in the Plural; but even sometimes decreases: as Delen, A leaf, Pl. Deil; Guedhan, A tree, Pl. Gueidh, &c. Other Plurals do also sometimes change the Vowel: as For’ [Fordh], A way, Plur. Fùru and Fyrdhu; Kûz, A wood, Pl. Kozou, Guâz, A mean fellow, Guèsion; but they are nevertheless distinguished by their Termination.

“In this Fifth Plural or Declension (if we may so call it) The British seems to recede from the Latin and to come nearer the Teutonic; For it’s a rule in the modern German that a, o, and u in the Singular, are changed into ö, ü, and au, or æu in the Plural.

“All the Plurals are reducible to these five; But we find some Nouns have two Declensions: For we read Deuon and Deuou, Gods (notice how close it is to the Latin Deus and Dii); Epskobon and Epskobou, Bishops (this comes from the Latin episcopal, which comes from the Greek episkopos); Flehez and Flehezou, Children; Deil, Delyou and Delkiou, Leaves; Terroz and Tirriou, Lands; Enezyz and Enezou, Islands; Others have no Plural; as Kyzaleth, Peace; An Drenzhez, The Trinity; And some no Singular; as, Teuolgou, Darkness; Empynion [and impìnion], The Brains; Kosgar, Lads, boys; Lozou, Ashes; Meginou, A bellows; and Gueldzhou, A pair of sheers.

“The Diminutives (which ought to have been taken notice of above among the Terminations) change commonly their first Vowel and end in -ig, as Temmig, A small fragment, from Tam, A morsel; and Flehessig, A little child, from Flo’ and Flehez.

“This Termination -ig answers to the Latin -iculus, & -ecula in Versiculus, Vupecula, &c. (recall the c/g interchange) as diverse of their Nouns Subst. in l, if Polysyllables, do to -ullus, -ellus or -ella, &c. as Padal, A pan; Kollel, A knife; and Kygol, A hood; From Patella, Cultellus, & Cucullus. Nor need we exclude several others from being of the same Class of Diminutives though not immediately derived from the Latin: as Brethyl [A mackrel, from Brîth, Streaked, party-coloured. q. d. Lat. Variolus or Variegatula. (The word brith is associated with covenant in Hebrew and tea in Welsh. Is this anecdotal?)

For those interested in why language is significant to discovering history in places where physical artifacts no longer exist to demonstrate it, read The Real Universal Empire.

We’ll continue exploring the Cornish language on the other side.

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